{"id":5298,"date":"2024-06-12T11:04:07","date_gmt":"2024-06-12T11:04:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T07:25:11","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T07:25:11","slug":"jakob-nielsens-10-principles-of-web-usability","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/","title":{"rendered":"Improve web usability with Jakob Nielsen's 10 principles"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How many times have you tried<\/span><b> make a purchase<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Or have you tried to look for information but the website itself was not making it easy for you and you decided to look elsewhere?.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jakob Nielsen, known as <\/span><b>the father of usability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in 1995, formulated the 10 basic principles of web usability, which we will see below and which are still used today. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But first of all, you may be wondering what usability is.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Contents of the entry<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Contents\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #a09353;color:#a09353\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #a09353;color:#a09353\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/#%C2%BFQue_es_la_usabilidad_web\" >What is web usability?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/#10_Principios_de_usabilidad_web_de_Jakob_Nielsen\" >Jakob Nielsen's 10 Principles of Web Usability<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/#1_Visibilidad_del_estado_del_sistema\" >1. Visibility of system status<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/#2_Relacion_entre_el_sistema_y_el_mundo_real\" >2. Relationship between the system and the real world<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/#3_Control_y_libertad_del_usuario\" >3. User control and freedom<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/#4_Consistencia_y_estandares\" >4. Consistency and standards<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/#5_Mejora_la_usabilidad_web_previniendo_errores\" >5. Improve web usability by preventing errors<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/#6_Reconocer_antes_que_recordar\" >6. Recognize rather than remember<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/#7_Flexibilidad_y_eficiencia_de_uso\" >7. Flexibility and efficiency of use<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/#8_Diseno_estetico_y_minimalista\" >8. Aesthetic and minimalist design<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/#9_Diagnostico_y_correccion_de_errores\" >9. Error diagnosis and correction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/blog\/10-principios-de-jakob-nielsen-usabilidad-web\/#10_Ayuda_y_documentacion\" >10. Help and documentation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%C2%BFQue_es_la_usabilidad_web\"><\/span>What is web usability?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Web usability can be defined as the <\/span><b>degree of user-friendliness<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that a web site has for the users who browse it. Web usability measures mainly three factors:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effectiveness: whether the user achieves what he wants, i.e. whether he has met his objective.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Efficiency: whether it has been accomplished or has been achieved without effort<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Satisfaction: whether the user feels satisfied or, on the contrary, has a negative experience.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, the main usability keys to optimize a website are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have a <\/span><b>clean design<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with a logical classification that facilitates user navigation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Granting control to the user<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> trying not to make him feel lost at any time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Synthesizing and avoiding redundancy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. If something is not necessary, we can do without it.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Web adaptable to all types of devices<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. More and more users are using cell phones and tablets to surf the web.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, working on usability when creating a website or improving it will bring us many advantages such as <\/span><b>to increase revenues and sales<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s, decrease the bounce rate, increase session duration, build user loyalty and achieve better communication with them.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Principios_de_usabilidad_web_de_Jakob_Nielsen\"><\/span>Jakob Nielsen's 10 Principles of Web Usability<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5295 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/usabilidad-web-10-principios.webp\" alt=\"web usability 10 principles\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/usabilidad-web-10-principios.webp 1280w, https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/usabilidad-web-10-principios-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/usabilidad-web-10-principios-1024x682.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/usabilidad-web-10-principios-768x512.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now that we know what web usability is all about, let's go on to the <\/span>Nielsen's 10 basic principles of web usability.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Visibilidad_del_estado_del_sistema\"><\/span>1. Visibility of system status<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The user needs to know that they are doing it right. So the system, whether it is a website, an app or any other digital product, needs to <\/span><b>always keep the user informed of what is going on and provide a response<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as quickly as possible. Therefore, each action performed by the user must generate a perceptible response by the user and in a short time. Some examples or practices of this principle would be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Confirmation messages<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> when the user has submitted a form.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Process bars<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> when uploading or downloading files.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Change the status of the elements<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the website on mouseover or click.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Breadcrumbs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that indicate to the user where he\/she is at any given moment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Relacion_entre_el_sistema_y_el_mundo_real\"><\/span>2. Relationship between the system and the real world<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We have to <\/span><b>speak the same language as the user<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and connect with it. Make use of words, phrases and images that the user can easily recognize and that are clear, maintaining a logical and natural order.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>For example, the trash can icon for file deletion<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the computer or items in the shopping cart, the user intuits what it is for. However, if instead of that trash can we put any other icon for that function, we will give rise to the user to make a mistake.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Control_y_libertad_del_usuario\"><\/span>3. User control and freedom<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Users are human and sometimes it is normal for them to make mistakes. Therefore, we have to give them the opportunity to <\/span><b>be able to undo or repeat a previously performed action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the user has the facility to go back or repeat a process, it will increase their sense of freedom and control of the situation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To comply with this principle we must give the user the option to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Make and remake.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cancel actions in progress.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Request confirmation from the user for important processes such as final payment on a purchase.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allow the user to return to a previous point.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Consistencia_y_estandares\"><\/span>4. Consistency and standards<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We have to be coherent and give importance to maintain the same consistency throughout the web, that is to say, <\/span><b>maintain the language, colors, navigation, etc.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using similar elements to perform similar functions will be more predictable, easier and more intuitive to use. What can we do?<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Icons and aesthetics must be consistent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instructions should appear in a similar place.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vary text size by up to four levels, text intensity by two and use no more than three different fonts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No more than four or seven colors should be used on a regular basis. Additional colors should only be used occasionally.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintain the same components and behavior on the different pages of the website.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Mejora_la_usabilidad_web_previniendo_errores\"><\/span>5. Improve web usability by preventing errors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The system must prevent the user from making mistakes before he\/she falls into error. What does this mean? It must <\/span><b>help the user to see their error before they take action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An example of this principle would be when completing the shipping address data when making a purchase. If the user has left a required field blank, the user should be notified.<\/span><b>\u00a0which field is missing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, without the user having to search for it.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Reconocer_antes_que_recordar\"><\/span>6. Recognize rather than remember<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It will always be better <\/span><b>help the user to recognize<\/b>\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">than forcing you to have to memorize the different elements and actions so that you can achieve your goal.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, we will be facilitating the user's objectives if in an online store <\/span><b>we add the option to save articles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, This way, the next time the user enters the site, he will not have to remember the name of the product and search for it again.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Flexibilidad_y_eficiencia_de_uso\"><\/span>7. Flexibility and efficiency of use<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The website must be adapted to all types of users. Some <\/span><b>functions, such as shortcuts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The keyboard shortcuts will make interaction faster for more advanced users, but will not complicate navigation for those with less experience. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Diseno_estetico_y_minimalista\"><\/span>8. Aesthetic and minimalist design<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5296 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/mejorar-usabilidad-web.webp\" alt=\"improve web usability\" width=\"1280\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/mejorar-usabilidad-web.webp 1280w, https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/mejorar-usabilidad-web-300x105.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/mejorar-usabilidad-web-1024x359.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/mejorar-usabilidad-web-768x269.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><span style=\"color: initial; font-size: revert;\">We must omit all those elements that generate \u201cnoise\u201d, do not provide information, distract the user's attention or diminish its visibility.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, we have to <\/span><b>avoid overloading the web design<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, In order to achieve this, users want to find clean designs that do not take too long to load. To this end:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Keep only the most important, if it is not important, you don't need to put it.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Be careful with sizes. Having larger elements will not make them work better.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Play with the spaces, if you use them properly you can create a clean design.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colors are also key, choosing the right one is important to convey the desired feeling.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Diagnostico_y_correccion_de_errores\"><\/span>9. Error diagnosis and correction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Try to make each and every one of the errors that may occur on the web understandable to all users. For it, we will have to use a simple and understandable language for all. <\/span><b>communicating errors in a user-friendly manner and providing a solution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or alternative to the user.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surely on multiple occasions you have encountered a 404 error, if you are an experienced user you probably know what it is and what the solution is.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, if we are dealing with a less experienced user, it would be better to<\/span><b> the system informs you <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that the page you are trying to access does not work, is not found and, therefore, the solution is to exit it.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Ayuda_y_documentacion\"><\/span>10. Help and documentation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sometimes, the user needs help during the process to achieve his or her goal; therefore, <\/span><b>the system shall provide relevant information<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the user that is easy to find and not too broad. Some examples of this principle could be:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Guided navigation through the web or application, as soon as it is installed or opened, showing the basics and essentials.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Section of FAQs or frequently asked questions that users may have.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Online chat, much faster than other options such as e-mail.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now that we have seen the simplicity of these principles, you will certainly be able to put them into practice in order to <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">improve user experience<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of your website.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">digital marketing agency<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, In Geotelecom we carry out<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geotelecom.es\/en\/seo-audits\/\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SEO audits<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for companies and eCommerce, in which we make a report related to the speed and user experience on your website.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contact us and ask for more information!<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Get to know Jakob Nielsen's 10 principles of web usability. Optimize your website to offer a good experience and navigation to your users.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":42,"featured_media":6370,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[63,64],"class_list":["post-5298","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-marketing-online","tag-tendencias-usabilidad","tag-usabilidad-web"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Los 10 principios de Jakob Nielsen sobe Usabilidad Web - Geotelecom<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Te contamos qu\u00e9 es la usabilidad web y los 10 principios que introdujo Jakob Nielsen sobre ello. 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